The pope demanded from Louis renunciation of all claims on the imperial title. Louis on that occasion refused to entertain the idea , but was later willing to discuss the project of his abdication. The matter, however, was then postponed. Whether John XXII arbitrarily severed Italy from the empire has never been definitely settled, for the authenticity of the Bull "Ne praetereat" is not certain.
In the last years of John's pontificate there arose a dogmatic conflict about the Beatific Vision , which was brought on by himself, and which his enemies made use of to discredit him. Before his elevation to the Holy See , he had written a work on this question, in which he stated that the souls of the blessed departed do not see God until after the Last Judgment.
After becoming pope , he advanced the same teaching in his sermons. In this he met with strong opposition, many theologians , who adhered to the usual opinion that the blessed departed did see God before the Resurrection of the Body and the Last Judgment, even calling his view heretical.
A great commotion was aroused in the University of Paris when the General of the Minorites and a Dominican tried to disseminate there the pope's view. Pope John wrote to King Philip IV on the matter November, , and emphasized the fact that, as long as the Holy See had not given a decision, the theologians enjoyed perfect freedom in this matter.
In December, , the theologians at Paris , after a consultation on the question, decided in favour of the doctrine that the souls of the blessed departed saw God immediately after death or after their complete purification; at the same time they pointed out that the pope had given no decision on this question but only advanced his personal opinion, and now petitioned the pope to confirm their decision.
John appointed a commission at Avignon to study the writings of the Fathers, and to discuss further the disputed question. In a consistory held on 3 January, , the pope explicitly declared that he had never meant to teach aught contrary to Holy Scripture or the rule of faith and in fact had not intended to give any decision whatever. Before his death he withdrew his former opinion, and declared his belief that souls separated from their bodies enjoyed in heaven the Beatific Vision.
The Spirituals, always in close alliance with Louis of Bavaria , profited by these events to accuse the pope of heresy , being supported by Cardinal Napoleon Orsini. In union with the latter, King Louis wrote to the cardinals , urging them to call a general council and condemn the pope.
The incident, however, had no further consequences. With untiring energy, and in countless documents, John followed up all ecclesiastical or politico-ecclesiastical questions of his day, though no particular grandeur is remarkable in his dealings.
He gave salutary advice to ruling sovereigns, especially to the Kings of France and of Naples , settled the disputes of rulers, and tried to restore peace in England. He increased the number of sees in France and Spain , was generous to many scholars and colleges, founded a law library at Avignon , furthered the fine arts , and dispatched and generously maintained missionaries in the Far East.
He caused the works of Petrus Olivi and Meister Eckhardt to be examined, and condemned the former, while he censured many passages in the latter's works.
He enlarged and partly reorganized the papal Curia , and was particularly active in the administration of ecclesiastical finances. The usual revenues of the papacy grew very meagre, owing to the disturbed condition of Italy , especially of the Papal States , consequent on the removal of the Papacy from its historic seat at Rome.
Moreover, since the end of the thirteenth century the College of Cardinals had enjoyed one half of the large income from tributary kingdoms, the servitia communia of the bishops , and some less important sources. Pope John, on the other hand, had need of large revenues, not only for the maintenance of his Court, but particularly for the wars in Italy.
Since the thirteenth century the papal treasury had exacted from the minor benefices , when conferred directly by the pope , a small tax annata. In John XXII reserved to himself all minor benefices falling vacant in the Western Church during the succeeding three years, and in this way collected from each of them the aforesaid annates, as often as they were conferred by the pope. Moreover, many foreign benefices were already canonically in the papal gift, and the annates from them were paid regularly into the papal treasury.
John also made frequent use of the right known as jus spolii , or right of spoils, which permitted him under certain circumstances to divert the estate of a deceased bishop into the papal treasury. He procured further relief by demanding special subsidies from various archbishops and their suffragans.
France , in particular, furnished him the most financial aid. The extensive reservation of ecclesiastical benefices was destined to exercise a prejudicial influence on ecclesiastical life.
The centralized administration took on a highly bureaucratic character, and the purely legal standpoint was too constantly in evidence. The pope's financial measures, however, were highly successful at the time, though in the end they evoked no little resistance and dissatisfaction. In spite of the large expenditures of his pontificate, John left an estate of , gold florins — not five millions as stated by some chroniclers.
He was a man of serious character, of austere and simple habits, broadly cultivated, very energetic and tenacious. But he held too persistently to canonico-legal traditions, and centralized overmuch the ecclesiastical administration.
His financial measures, more rigorously applied by his successors, made the Curia of Avignon generally detested.
The transfer of the papacy from Rome to Avignon was esteemed to have taken place in the interests of France , which impression was strengthened by the preponderance of French cardinals , and by the long-continued conflict with King Louis of Bavaria. In this way was aroused a widespread distrust of the papacy , which could not fail to result in consequences detrimental to the interior life of the Church.
Regesten zur Gesch. Trajectense, 2 vols. Quellen zur Konstanzer Bistumsgesch. Widersacher der Paepste zur Zeit Ludwigs d. Ghibellinnen von Todi u. He attended elementary school in the town, was tutored by a priest of Carvico, and at the age of twelve entered the seminary at Bergamo. A scholarship from the Cerasoli Foundation enabled him to go on to the Apollinaris in Rome where he studied under among others Umberto Benigni, the Church historian.
He interrupted his studies for service in the Italian Army but returned to the seminary, completed his work for a doctorate in theology, and was ordained in Continuing his studies in canon law he was appointed secretary to the new bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi.
Angelo served this social-minded prelate for nine years, acquiring first-hand experience and a broad understanding of the problems of the working class. He also taught apologetics, church history, and patrology.
With the entry of Italy into World War I in he was recalled to military service as a chaplain. On leaving the service in he was appointed spiritual director of the seminary, but found time to open a hostel for students in Bergamo.
It was at this time also that he began the research for a multi-volume work on the episcopal visitation of Bergamo by St. Pope to canonize two 'rock star' popes From humble beginnings to sainthood When JFK called on the Pope to help Roncalli broke off from his religious training during the First World War to serve as a medical orderly and later as a military chaplain.
During the Second World War Roncalli, by then an archbishop, was serving as head of the Vatican's diplomatic mission to Turkey, and as a Vatican diplomat in Greece. While there, he helped saved the lives of many Jews fleeing the Holocaust, providing them with transit visas and other vital paperwork which allowed them to leave Europe. That honor belongs to Cardinal Baldassare Cossa , one of a series of claimants to the papal throne during the late 14th and early 15th centuries, when the Roman Catholic church was bitterly divided by the Western Schism.
The split, which lasted from till , saw rival Popes elected by separate factions of the church. Pope stirs Communion debate Pope Francis breaks tradition, again
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